APWH Unit 8.7

Unit 8.7 — Global Resistance to Established Power Structures（1900–Present）

Essential Question:
What were differing reactions to existing power structures after 1900?

One-glance Review

• Nonviolent Resistance → Used peaceful protest to challenge injustice and colonial or racial oppression

• Martin Luther King Jr. → Led civil rights activism in the United States

• Nelson Mandela → Resisted Apartheid in South Africa

• Eastern Europe → Challenged Soviet domination but often faced military suppression

• 1968 protest movements → Students and workers worldwide challenged authoritarianism and inequality

• Terrorist groups → Used violence against civilians for political goals

• Militarized states → Often intensified repression rather than solving conflict

• Military-Industrial Complex → Expanded global arms production and made conflict harder to reduce

Core Ideas

Resistance, Reform, and Repression

• After 1900, people around the world reacted to established power structures in very different ways:

  • Nonviolent protest

  • Mass demonstrations

  • Calls for reform

  • Armed struggle

  • Terrorism(恐怖主义)

• At the same time, many governments responded with:

  • censorship(审查)

  • military force

  • imprisonment(监禁)

  • executions(处决)

  • broader repression(更广泛的镇压)

The modern era saw both powerful resistance movements and harsh state responses.

KEY TERMS BY THEME

GOVERNMENT: Europe

• Wladyslaw Gomulka

• Imre Nagy

• Prague Spring

• Alexander Dubcek

• Brezhnev Doctrine

• Irish Republican Army

• Ulster Defence Association

• Basque Homeland and Freedom

GOVERNMENT: South America

• Abimael Guzman

• Shining Path

SOCIETY: Protests

• Martin Luther King Jr.

• Nelson Mandela

• Kent State University

GOVERNMENT / POWER

• Apartheid

• Francisco Franco

• Idi Amin

• Military-Industrial Complex

TERRORISM / CONFLICT

• Al-Qaeda

• Osama bin Laden

• Boko Haram

• Al-Shabaab

• ISIL

• Taliban

1. Nonviolent Resistance as a Path to Change

A Different Way to Challenge Power

• Even in the violent 20th century, many important movements used nonviolence(非暴力) to achieve political change

• These movements often relied on:

  • marches(游行)

  • boycotts(抵制)

  • strikes(罢工)

  • civil disobedience(公民抗命)

Mohandas Gandhi

• Gandhi used:

  • nonviolent marches

  • boycotts

  • fasts(绝食)

• He opposed British colonial rule in India

• In 1947, India gained independence

Martin Luther King Jr.

• The most prominent African American civil rights leader in the United States during the 1950s–1960s

• He was a Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师)

• The civil rights movement used several tactics:

  • court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education

  • the Montgomery Bus Boycott

  • massive marches such as the March on Washington

• These efforts laid the foundation for later civil rights laws

Nelson Mandela

• In South Africa, the white-minority government enforced Apartheid

• Mandela led Black resistance to this racist system

• Though he sometimes accepted sabotage(破坏活动) early in life, he became especially known for leadership in nonviolent protest

2. Challenges to Soviet Power in Eastern Europe

General Pattern

• In the 1950s and 1960s, reformers in Eastern European Soviet satellite states tried to reduce Soviet domination

• In most cases, the Soviet Union responded harshly and used military force to suppress dissent(压制异议)

Poland

• In 1956, Polish workers protested:

  • Soviet domination

  • poor living conditions

• Wladyslaw Gomulka became the new leader of the Polish Communist Party

• He pursued a more independent domestic policy

• However, he remained loyal to the Soviet Union and allowed Soviet troops to stay in Poland

• Forced collectivization(强制集体化) of farms ended

Hungary

• Also in 1956, Hungarian protesters pushed leader Imre Nagy to:

  • declare Hungary free from Soviet control

  • demand withdrawal of Soviet troops

  • support free elections

  • allow non-Communist parties

  • declare neutrality in the Cold War

  • withdraw from the Warsaw Pact

• The Soviet Union invaded Hungary and took control of Budapest

• Nagy was captured and executed

• Many Hungarians became refugees

Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring

• Reform in Czechoslovakia peaked during the Prague Spring of 1968

• Alexander Dubcek allowed:

  • greater freedom of speech

  • greater freedom of the press

  • more freedom to travel

  • a more democratic political system

• Soviet leaders feared this independence

• Armies from four Warsaw Pact nations crushed the movement

Brezhnev Doctrine

• In 1968, the Soviet Union justified intervention through the Brezhnev Doctrine

• This doctrine said that the Soviet Union and its allies could intervene when one socialist country threatened the interests of other socialist states

Eastern European resistance movements demanded reform, but the Soviet Union often answered reform with invasion.

3. 1968: The Year of Revolt

Global Protest Movements

In 1968, protest movements appeared across the world:

• Yugoslavia → students protested authoritarian government

• Poland and Northern Ireland → people protested religious issues

• Brazil → marchers demanded better public education and fairer treatment of workers

• Japan → students protested university financial policies and support for the U.S. war in Vietnam

Why So Many Student Protests?

• After World War II, higher education became available to more people

• Universities became overcrowded

• By the 1960s, students were increasingly frustrated

• Student grievances(不满) were linked to:

  • civil rights

  • women’s rights

  • workers’ rights

  • the Vietnam War

France

• In Paris in 1968, hundreds of thousands of students protested

• Violence broke out when police intervened

• Around 10 million workers joined in a general strike

• It became the largest general strike in French history

• President Charles de Gaulle called new elections and remained in office after his party won

The United States

• Students and others protested for:

  • women’s rights

  • African American rights

  • especially an end to the Vietnam War

• At Kent State University in 1970, the Ohio National Guard killed four unarmed students during an antiwar protest

• Afterward, students and faculty at hundreds of colleges and universities went on strike

4. An Age of Terrorism

Changing Forms of Conflict

• After the Cold War, large-scale war between sovereign states became less common

• Instead, terrorist groups and individuals carried out attacks against civilians

• These groups often tried to achieve political goals through fear and violence

Conflict in Northern Ireland

• Most of Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1922

• But Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom

• Northern Ireland Catholics experienced discrimination

• Many wanted union with the Irish Republic

• Protestants strongly opposed that goal

Major Groups

• Irish Republican Army → Catholic militant group

• Ulster Defence Association → Protestant militant group

Violence and Terrorism

• Between 1969 and 1994, about 3,500 people died in the conflict

• Some IRA members carried out bombings in England

• In 1994, the two sides reached a cease-fire

• Later, the IRA turned toward political methods instead of violence

Separatists in Spain

• Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA) was founded in 1959

• It wanted independence for the Basque region in northern Spain

• ETA killed more than 800 people

• In 1973, ETA killed the chosen successor of dictator Francisco Franco

• In 2011, ETA declared an end to violence and promised to work through politics

Peru’s Shining Path

• Abimael Guzman created Shining Path

• The group was influenced by:

  • Mao Zedong

  • the Khmer Rouge

• Starting in 1980, Shining Path used:

  • bombings

  • assassinations(暗杀)

• Goal: overthrow the Peruvian government and build a communist state

• Over about 20 years, its violence caused an estimated 37,000 deaths

• Guzman was arrested in 1992

• In 2011, a top leader admitted defeat and negotiated with the government

Islamic Terrorism

Several extremist groups used a fundamentalist interpretation(原教旨主义式解释) of Islam to justify terrorism, though mainstream Muslims widely condemned them.

Examples included:

• Boko Haram

• Al-Shabaab

• ISIL

• Taliban

• Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda and 9/11

• Al-Qaeda was financed by Osama bin Laden

• On September 11, 2001, terrorists hijacked airplanes and carried out attacks in:

  • New York City

  • near Washington, D.C.

  • rural Pennsylvania

• More than 3,000 people were killed

• Many countries, even rivals of the United States, supported the U.S. after the attacks

• U.S.-led actions later severely weakened Al-Qaeda

• Osama bin Laden was killed in 2011

Terrorism in the United States

• Terrorism in the U.S. has come from different sources, including domestic extremist groups

• In 1995, anti-government extremists bombed a federal building in Oklahoma City

• 168 people were killed

• Other attacks targeted Muslims, Jews, and Black people

Terrorism became a major form of resistance and intimidation in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

5. Response of Militarized States

Repression Instead of Reform

• States ruled by military dictators often responded to unrest by intensifying violence

• Instead of solving problems, these governments often made conflicts worse

Francisco Franco in Spain

• Franco ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975

• He came to power by overthrowing an elected government

• His regime was strongly anti-communist(反共产主义的)

• The government:

  • executed dissidents

  • imprisoned opponents

  • sent many to labor camps(劳改营/劳工营)

• Even so, opposition remained

• After Franco died, Spain moved toward democracy

Uganda under Idi Amin

• Idi Amin ruled Uganda from 1971 to 1979

• He was a brutal military dictator known as the “Butcher of Uganda”

• His rule:

  • worsened ethnic tensions

  • denied basic human rights

  • undermined economic stability

• In 1972, he expelled about 60,000 Asians from Uganda, many of Indian descent

• Their businesses were handed to Amin’s supporters

• He may have been responsible for up to 500,000 deaths

• When he threatened Tanzania, Ugandan nationalists joined Tanzanian forces and drove him into exile

6. The Military-Industrial Complex

Why It Grew

• Global conflict increased fear and insecurity

• Many states built stronger militaries

• These militaries needed large industries to produce:

  • planes

  • tanks

  • weapons

  • military supplies

International Arms Trade

• Many countries could not manufacture their own weapons

• As a result, the global weapons trade expanded greatly

Meaning of Military-Industrial Complex

• In 1961, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower warned about the Military-Industrial Complex

• This term described the close relationship between:

  • government defense departments

  • private businesses producing military goods

• Eisenhower warned that this relationship could become powerful enough to threaten democracy

The growth of the Military-Industrial Complex made war and militarization more deeply connected to economics and politics.

7. Cause and Effect

Change

• Nonviolent resistance became a powerful method for reform

• Student movements expanded across the world

• Some states in Eastern Europe pushed back against Soviet control

• Terrorist groups emerged as major political actors in some regions

• Authoritarian and military governments faced growing resistance

Continuity

• Powerful states still crushed dissent with military force

• Ethnic, religious, and political conflict remained intense

• Governments often chose repression over compromise

• Violence remained a major tool of both resistance and control

Exam-ready Phrases and Sentences

• Challenge established power structures

• Use nonviolent resistance

• Demand political reform

• Resist Soviet domination

• Suppress dissent through military force

• Expand student protest movements

• Use terrorism to achieve political ends

• Intensify ethnic and religious conflict

• Preserve authoritarian rule

• Strengthen the Military-Industrial Complex

• Nonviolent leaders such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela showed that peaceful protest could challenge injustice.

• Reform movements in Eastern Europe attempted to loosen Soviet control, but the Soviet Union repeatedly used force to suppress them.

• The protest movements of 1968 reflected a global wave of dissatisfaction with authoritarianism, inequality, and war.

• In the late 20th century, terrorism became an increasingly important method used by some groups to pursue political goals.

• Militarized states such as Spain under Francisco Franco and Uganda under Idi Amin often worsened conflict through repression.

• The growth of the Military-Industrial Complex linked military expansion to economic interests.

LEQ / DBQ 使用思路

可用论点（Thesis Ideas）

• After 1900, resistance to established power structures took many forms, from nonviolent protest to terrorism, while states often answered challenges with repression and military force.

• Although many groups sought reform through peaceful demonstrations and political activism, others turned to violence, showing that reactions to authority in the modern era were highly diverse.

• The 20th century saw growing global resistance to imperial, racial, and authoritarian systems, but entrenched governments frequently maintained power through coercion and militarization.

相关笔记

APWH Unit 8.8