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  <title><![CDATA[ItsTimeTooSleep · 笔记]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[由 Obsidian 笔记库生成的静态网站]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Renaissance]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Renaissance（文艺复兴） The Renaissance（文艺复兴） was a cultural and intellectual movement in Europe, roughly 1350–1600, marked by revived interest in the classical past and new confidence in human achievement. It emerged partly because of the recovery after the Black Death and the wealth of Italian city-states: Rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts and ruins Patronage by families such as the Medici ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.1 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.1 — Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery (c. 1450–c. 1648) Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period c. 1450–c. 1648 Key Geography Italy (origin), Western Europe, Mediterranean, Americas Core Theme The convergence of demographic crisis, intellectual rediscovery, and economic transformation that ended medieval structures and propelled Europe toward modernity and global expansion Key Fig]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.1]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.1 — Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery (c. 1450–c. 1648) Essential Question: What was the context for the development of the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery? One-glance Review The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century led to the Middle Ages , a period of political disunity and limited intellectual achievement The Roman Catholic Church served as the dominant unifying force ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.10 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.10 — The Commercial Revolution (c. 1450–1648) Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period c. 1450–1648 Key Geography Amsterdam , London , Genoa , Western Europe, Eastern Europe ( Austria , Prussia , Russia ) Core Theme Transformation from localized subsistence agriculture to globally connected market economy driven by capitalism, new financial instruments, and commercial agriculture Key Figur]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.10]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.10 — The Commercial Revolution Essential Question: Between 1450 to 1648, what European commercial and agricultural developments took place and what were the economic effects? One-glance Review The Commercial Revolution (c. 1450–1648) transformed Europe from a localized, subsistence-based economy to a globally connected market system driven by capitalism New financial innovations — double-en]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.11 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.11 — Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period c. 1350–1600 (Renaissance); c. 1450–1650 (Age of Exploration) Key Geography Italy (cradle), Mediterranean , Atlantic (shift), England , Netherlands , Americas , Africa , Asia Core Theme Renaissance intellectual revival caused the Age of Exploration, which transformed European economics, politics]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.11]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.11 — Causation in the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery Essential Question: What were the causes and consequences of the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery? One-glance Review The Renaissance 1 began in Italy due to its geographic position, contact with the Islamic world through Crusades (十字军东征) and trade, and the recovery of classical Greek and Roman texts preserved by Muslim scholars ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.2 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.2 — Italian Renaissance (c. 14th–16th c.) Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period c. 14th – 16th centuries Key Geography Northern Italy ( Florence , Venice , Milan , Rome ) Core Theme The revival of classical Greek/Roman texts and humanist ideals transformed European intellectual, artistic, and political life, breaking with medieval traditions and laying the groundwork for modernity. Key ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.2]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.2 — Italian Renaissance Essential Question: How did the revival of classical texts contribute to the development of the Italian Renaissance? Essential Question: What were the political, intellectual, and cultural effects of the Italian Renaissance? One-glance Review The Renaissance (c. 14th–16th centuries) was a period of transition between the Middle Ages and the modern world, beginning in]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.3 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.3 — Northern Renaissance Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period Late 15th–16th century Key Geography Flanders , Alps , Germany, England, Netherlands Core Theme Northern adaptation of Renaissance humanism emphasized religious reform and naturalistic art, distinct from Italian secular classicism Key Figures Albrecht Dürer , Jan van Eyck , Pieter Bruegel the Elder , Rembrandt , Desiderius E]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.3]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.3 — Northern Renaissance Essential Question: How were Renaissance ideas developed, maintained, and changed as the Renaissance spread to northern Europe? One-glance Review The Northern Renaissance spread Renaissance humanism and art to regions north of the Alps in the late 15th century Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts, calling for reform of the Chur]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.4 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.4 — Printing Press Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period c. 1445–1500 (invention); 1500–1648 (impacts) Key Geography Germany (origin), Venice, Italy, Germanic States, spread to all of Europe by 1470s Core Theme The printing press democratized knowledge, enabled rapid spread of reformist ideas, broke the Catholic Church's intellectual monopoly, and laid groundwork for the Protestant Refo]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.4]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.4 — Printing Essential Question: What influence did the printing press have on cultural and intellectual developments in modern European history? One-glance Review Before the Printing Press , books were rare, expensive, and hand-copied, limiting literacy and intellectual exchange to a small elite Johannes Gutenberg developed movable type (活字) and a mechanical Printing Press between 1445–145]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.5 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.5 — New Monarchies (1450–1648) Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period 1450–1648 Key Geography Spain, France, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands Core Theme Centralization of royal power through taxation, military, justice, and religious control laid foundations for the Modern State Key Figures Henry VIII , Elizabeth I , Ferdinand of Aragon , Isabella of Castile , Louis XI , Henry IV ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.5]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[AP European History — Unit 1.5: New Monarchies Essential Question: What were the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648? One-glance Review The early modern period (15th–18th centuries) witnessed a shift from decentralized power (分权) among nobles and religious authorities to centralized power (集权) held by monarchs, laying the foundation for the Modern Stat]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.6 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.6 — Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period 1450–1648 Key Geography Portugal , Spain , England , Netherlands , Americas, Africa, Asia Core Theme European exploration driven by "God, gold, glory" enabled by technological/biological advantages, initiating global economic/ecological exchange Key Figures Hernán Cortés , Christopher Columbus , ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.6]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.6 — Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration Essential Question: What were the technological factors that contributed to European exploration and expansion from 1450 to 1648? Essential Question: What were the motivations and effects of European exploration and expansion from 1450 to 1648? One-glance Review European exploration from 1450–1648 was driven by a combination of religious]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.7 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.7 — Rivals on the World Stage Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period 1492–1763 Key Geography Americas , Philippines , Spice Islands , New Spain , New France , West Indies Core Theme Colonial expansion and trade rivalries transformed European relations from Iberian dominance to a contested multipolar system, culminating in Britain's emergence as the preeminent power by 1763 Key Figures Ch]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.7]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.7 — Rivals on the World Stage Essential Question: How and why did trading networks and colonial expansion affect relations among European states? One-glance Review Spain and Portugal emerged as the first overseas empires, dividing the Americas through the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) with papal approval Christopher Columbus 's 1492 voyage initiated Spanish colonization; conquistadors like H]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.8 Condensed Notes]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.8 — Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period 15th–16th century Key Geography Portugal , Spain , Gold Coast , Brazil , Goa , Malacca , Lisbon , Antwerp , Amsterdam , Bristol , London Core Theme European colonial expansion and the Columbian Exchange created unprecedented global connections that enriched Europe, devastated indigenous American populati]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.8]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.8 — Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange Essential Question: What were the economic, social, and cultural impacts of European colonial expansion and the development of trade networks? One-glance Review The Portuguese pioneered overseas exploration in the 15th century under Prince Henry the Navigator , seeking gold, slaves, and a direct route to Asian spices Vasco da Gama reached India ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.9 Condensed Notes]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-EuropeanHistory/Units/APEH Unit 1.9 Condensed Notes.html</link>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.9 — The Slave Trade Overview Table Aspect Details Time Period 1441–mid-19th century; peak 16th–18th centuries Key Geography West Africa, Brazil, West Indies, North America, Europe (Portugal, Spain, England, France, Netherlands) Core Theme European colonization of the Americas and plantation economies created labor demand that the African slave trade supplied, generating immense wealth while]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[APEH Unit 1.9]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1.9 — The Slave Trade Essential Question: What caused the slave trade to develop? One-glance Review The African slave trade emerged as a direct result of European colonization of the Americas and the establishment of a plantation economy (种植园经济) in the New World Early European planters first enslaved indigenous peoples , but diseases and overwork caused a demographic catastrophe (人口灾难) that d]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Cartel]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[A group of producers that create an agreement to fix prices high. Cartel = Colluding Oligopoly Cartels set price and output at an agreed upon level Firms require identical or highly similar demand and costs Cartel must have a way to punish cheaters Together they act as a monopoly]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Collusion]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[The act of cooperating with rivals in order to "rig" a situation. They are called Cartel when they colluded. 💡 Tip This is often banned by Antitrust Laws to prevent Oligopoly growing into a Monopoly . ⛔ Note Firms in a colluding oligopoly act as a monopoly and share the profit . An example of a colluding oligoloy would be: This graph illustrates profit maximization for a colluding oligopoly , whe]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Dominant Strategy]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[The best move to make regardless of what your opponent does. For example: In this example: Firm Y has a dominant strategy, it should always price high. Firm X does not have a dominant strategy. 相关笔记 Collusion Nash Equilibrium Game Theory Oligopoly]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Game Theory]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[The study of how people behave in strategic situations. An understanding of game theory helps firms in an oligopoly maximize profit . Why learn about game theory? Oligopolies are interdependent since they have to anticipate and react to the decision of competitors. In an Oligopoly , pricing and output decisions must be strategic as to avoid economic losses. Game theory helps determine the best str]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Nash Equilibrium]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[The optimal outcome that will occur when both firms make decisions simultaneously and have no incentive to change. 相关笔记 Collusion Dominant Strategy Game Theory Oligopoly]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Oligopoly]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Characteristics of Oligopolies: A few large producers (less than 10) Identical or differentiated products High barriers to entry Control over price (Price Maker) Mutual Interdependence - Firms use Strategic Pricing How do markets become oligopolies? Oligopolies occur when only a few large firms start to control an industry. High Barriers to Entry keep others from entering. Types of Barriers to Ent]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Micro Unit 4]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[There are three type of Imperfect Competition : Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Pure Monopoly Imperfectly Competitive often formed because there are high Barriers to Entry . Different from firms in Perfect Competition is " Price Takers ", firms in Imperfect Competition are "price makers". 📝 Note In Imperfect Competition Marginal Revenue (MR) is NOT equal to demand. Comparison Table of The 5 Ma]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Micro Unit 5]]></title>
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  <description><![CDATA[Unit 1-4 is base on the production market, while Unit 5 is base on factor market. Four Factors of Production Labor Market Similar to the product market , there were also demand and supply curve in the labor market . Individuals supply labors and firms demands labors. The quantity of labor and wage is determined by the supply and demand curve. Minimum Wage To protect legitimate right of the workers]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Comparison Table]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Feature PROTEINS LIPIDS CARBOHYDRATES NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomer (Building Block) Amino acids Glycerol + fatty acids (or isoprene units) Monosaccharides Nucleotides Monomer Example Alanine, Valine, Lysine, Glutamic acid, Cysteine Palmitic acid (saturated), Oleic acid (unsaturated), Glycerol Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[AP-Physics1]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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  <title><![CDATA[Answer Key]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[开始时间：10点42分 D B B A B A D B D D B C D A D D B C A A C A C A D C C A D C A D C A B B B D A C D B C B C B B C C D B A C B AC AB CD CD AD]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Antitrust Laws]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Laws designed to prevent Monopoly and promote Antitrust Laws competition. 相关笔记 Oligopoly Monopoly]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Externalities]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[An externality is a third-person side effect. There are EXTERNAL benefits or costs to someone other than The original decision maker. Why are Externalities Market Failures? The free market fails to include external costs or external benefits. With no government involvement there would be too much of some goods and too little of others. ℹ️ Important ** Even Positive Externality is considered a type]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Free-Rider]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Individuals that benefit without paying. 相关笔记 Public Goods]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Income Inequality]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[How does the government measure income distribution? The government divides all income earning families into five equal groups (quintiles) from poorest to richest. Each group represents 20% of the population. If there was perfect equality then 20% of the families should earn 20% of the income, 40% should earn 40%, etc. The government compares how far the actual distribution is from perfect distrib]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Negative Externalities]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Situation that results in a COST for a different person other than the original decision maker. The costs "spillover” to other people or society. 💡 If the market produces at QEM why is it a [[Market Failure|market failure]]? market failure ? At QFM the MSC is greater than the MSB. Too much is being produced so there is deadweight loss. What should the government do to fix a negative externality? ]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Positive Externality]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Situations that result in a BENEFIT for someone other than the original decision maker. The benefits "spillover" to other people or society. 💡 If the market produces at QEM why is it a [[Market Failure|market failure]]? market failure ? At QFM the MSC is less than the MSB. Too little is being produced so there is deadweight loss. What should the government do to fix a positive externality? Subsid]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Private Sector]]></title>
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  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[The part of the economy that is run by private individuals and companies that seek profit . 相关笔记 Public Sector]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[Public Goods]]></title>
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  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Public Goods.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Goods provided by the government - schools, parks, freeways Criteria of Public Goods Non-Exclusionary Cannot exclude people from enjoying the benefits (even if they don't pay). Shared Consumption (Non-Rival) One person's consumption of a good does not reduce the usefulness to others.]]></description>
</item>
<item>
  <title><![CDATA[Public Sector]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Public Sector.html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Public Sector.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[The part of the economy that is primarily controlled by the government Why must the government provide public goods and services? It is impractical for the free-market to provide these goods, because there is little opportunity to earn profit . This is due to the Free-Rider Problem. 相关笔记 Private Sector Public Goods Private Sector]]></description>
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  <title><![CDATA[The Tragedy of the Commons]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/The Tragedy of the Commons.html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/The Tragedy of the Commons.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Goods that are available to everyone (air, oceans, lakes public bathrooms) are often polluted since no one has the incentive to keep them clean. There is no monetary incentive to use them efficiently. Result is high spillover costs. 相关笔记 Negative Externalities Positive Externality Supply and Marginal Social Cost (MSC) Demand and Marginal Social Benefit (MSB)]]></description>
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<item>
  <title><![CDATA[Micro Unit 6]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/Units/Micro Unit 6.html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/Units/Micro Unit 6.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[A Market Failure is when a situation in which the free-market system fails to satisfy society's wants. For example of marker failure: Positive Externality AND Negative Externalities These two are determined by: Demand and Marginal Social Benefit (MSB) and Supply and Marginal Social Cost (MSC) Government provide Public Goods , Public Goods are Non-Exclusionary and Non-Rival. Free-market failed to p]]></description>
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<item>
  <title><![CDATA[Accounting Profit]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Accounting Profit.html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Accounting Profit.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[ℹ️ 公式 Accounting Profit = Total Revenue - Accounting Costs ( Five Determinants of Demand Only) 相关笔记 Economic Profit Normal Profit]]></description>
</item>
<item>
  <title><![CDATA[Allocative Efficiency]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Allocative Efficiency.html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Allocative Efficiency.html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[Producing at the amount most desired by society (allocating resources towards the products society wants) Graphically it is where price equals Marginal Cost (MC) . 相关笔记 Productive Efficiency]]></description>
</item>
<item>
  <title><![CDATA[Average Fixed Costs (AFC)]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Average Fixed Costs (AFC).html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Average Fixed Costs (AFC).html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[ℹ️ **Average Fixed Cost (AFC)** Average Fixed Cost (AFC) $$ \text{Average Fixed Cost} = \frac{\text{Fixed Costs}}{\text{Quantity}} = \frac{\text{FC}}{Q} $$ Or: $$ \text{AFC} = \frac{\text{FC}}{Q} $$ 相关笔记 Fixed Costs Fixed Resources Short-Run Variable Costs Average Variable Cost (AVC)]]></description>
</item>
<item>
  <title><![CDATA[Average Product (AP)]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Average Product (AP).html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Average Product (AP).html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[The output per unit of input ℹ️ **Average Product (AP)** Average Product (AP) $$ \text{Average Product} = \frac{\text{Total Product}}{\text{Units of Labor}} $$ Where: $\text{Total Product}$ = Total output produced $\text{Units of Labor}$ = Quantity of labor input used 相关笔记 Marginal Product (MP)]]></description>
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<item>
  <title><![CDATA[Average Total Cost (ATC)]]></title>
  <link>/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Average Total Cost (ATC).html</link>
  <guid isPermaLink="false">/pages/AP-MicroEconomics/concepts/Average Total Cost (ATC).html</guid>
  <pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2001 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
  <description><![CDATA[ℹ️ **Average Total Cost (ATC)** Average Total Cost (ATC) $$ \text{Average Total Cost} = \frac{\text{Total Costs}}{\text{Quantity}} = \frac{\text{TC}}{Q} $$ Or: $$ \text{ATC} = \frac{\text{TC}}{Q} $$ Where: $\text{TC}$ = Total Costs $Q$ = Quantity of output ℹ️ **ATC = AFC + AVC** ATC = AFC + AVC $$ \text{ATC} = \frac{\text{FC}}{Q} + \frac{\text{VC}}{Q} = \text{AFC} + \text{AVC} $$]]></description>
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